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APA GUIDELINES

When citing, the APA guidelines must be followed (Citation Guide for authors APA)

CITATION AND REFERENCE GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

Citation

The sources cited in the proposed articles should be placed at the end of the document and in alphabetical order. Likewise, they must comply with the publishing style of the American Psychological Association (APA) in its most recent edition, and the information must be accurate, as it appears in the original document. It is very important that the authors include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) in each of the articles and web pages consulted. 

In-text reference citations

The citation of documentation refers to text taken verbatim or paraphrased from another source in order to provide theoretical, conceptual, and empirical bibliographical support to the document or article. It includes data that allow the reader to know the source of the information, that is, the list of references, which is located at the end of the article. The most common citation modalities are quoting and paraphrasing.

In the case of quoting, the text is transcribed verbatim from another author or authors’ document, includes less than 40 words, and the paragraph being cited is written between quotation marks. If the citation has 40 or more words, it is written in a new paragraph without quotation marks, as a new section, with an indentation of five spaces for the entire paragraph, from the left margin, and respecting the margin to the right, with the same spacing used in the document. When quoting, the page numbers from which the quotation was taken, the author's last name, and the year of publication must be included.

Paraphrasing is when a specific part of a document or its content is summarized or when a writing is paraphrased, or reference is made to an idea contained in another work.

Below are some examples of quoted and paraphrased citations:

Examples of in-text citation (single author):

• As part of this challenge, the universities present… (Carrizo, 2010).
• For his part, Carrizo (2010) emphasized the importance of contemplating strategies…
•  In 2010, Carrizo gave an account of the importance of curricula…

Multi-authored works:

Two authors:

•  In 2015, García-Peñalvo and Pardo pointed out that the irruption of ICTs…
•  It is well known that the irruption of ICTs… (García-Peñalvo & Pardo, 2015).
•  In this sense, García-Peñalvo and Pardo (2015) have recognized that the irruption of ICTs…

When there are more than two authors, we ask you to identify the use of “and” and the ampersand sign (&) in the text.

Three, four, or five authors:

• In Lawson, Davis, Crouter, and O ́Neill's (2013) study, they analyze…
•  In 2013, Lawson et al. analyzed the case of Managers…
•  The greatest number of working hours a manager must devote… (Lawson et al., 2013)

Cite all authors the first time the citation appears. In subsequent citations include only the last name of the first author followed by the abbreviation et al. (without italics and with a period after al.).

*In case the citation is in parentheses, and it is the first time it appears in the text, the ampersand symbol (&) must be used before the last name of the last author:

• The greatest number of working hours a manager should devote… (Lawson, Davis, & O ́Neill, 2013).

Six authors or more:

• According to Rekalde et al. (2011), the strategies that are usually used…
• By all this we are referring to a challenge that has involved… (Rekalde et al., 2011).

*In the case of six or more authors, in the first citation only include the last name of the first author, followed by et al. and the year.

Institutional author:

• The International Labor Organization (ILO, 2016) argues that work-related stress in recent years…
•  Job stress is prevalent in various work settings (International Labor Organization [ILO], 2016).

*In the first citation, the full name of the organization is included, adding the abbreviation. In the second citation, only the abbreviation is included.

Author identified without abbreviation:

•  Peru invests 14% of total education expenditure in higher education…
  (World Bank, 2018).
•  The World Bank (2018) indicated that Peru invests…

Number of authors in references

• In references containing up to seven authors, include the last name and last initial of all authors.
•  In the case of eight authors or more, include the last name and first initial up to the sixth author. Then use ellipses and add the last author.

Example:

• Boeing, H., Bechthold, A., Bub, A., Ellinger, S., Haller, D., Kroke, A.,… Watzl, B. (2012). Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. European Journal of Nutrition, 51(6), 637-663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y

Papers by the same author published in the same year:

•  Both in 2016 and 2018… (National Accreditation Commission, 2016a, 2018)… Programs that obtained 3 years are found… (National Accreditation Commission, 2016b).
•  In this way, the National Accreditation Commission (2016a, 2016b) asserts the need for…

Papers by the same author published in different years:

•  While there is consensus… and instructional methods (Hattie, 2008, 2012)…

*Years are arranged chronologically from oldest to most recent.

Works by two or more authors in the same text:

• When citing two or more works by different authors in the same text, include the surname and year of publication separated by a semicolon within the same parentheses, in alphabetical order as they appear in the references.

Example:

• Among the value beliefs of the model… (Eccles et al., 1983; Simpkins, Davis-Kean, & Eccles, 2006; Wigfield & Cambria, 2010; Wigfield & Eccles, 2000; Xiang, Bruene, & Chen, 2005).

Secondary source citation:

• Citations to secondary sources should name the original source. This will provide a better reference to where it was taken from (citation of citation).

Citations can be written in three ways, according to the following emphases:

• On the author: the author's last name, the year in parentheses; the cited text and the page in parentheses.
• On the content of the text: the cited text and, in parentheses, the author's last name, the year, and the page.
• On the date of publication: begin with the year, followed by the author's last name, the cited text, and the page in parentheses. 

Example of quoting in a paragraph (emphasis on the author):

• In this sense, Zapata (2011) states that "the common citizen faces the permanent challenge of reading and interpreting statistical data from different sources. Unfortunately, our citizens have insufficient statistical literacy to successfully face these challenges that the culture demands" (p. 234).

Example of quoting in a paragraph (emphasis in the text):

• In that sense, "the common citizen faces the permanent challenge of reading and interpreting statistical data from different sources. Unfortunately, our citizens have an insufficient statistical literacy to successfully face these challenges that the culture demands" (Zapata, 2011, p. 234).
• In case the text that is quoted covers two pages, the format should be (Zapata, 2011, pp. 234-235).

On the other hand, paraphrasing means arranging the form in which the statement has been presented without altering the meaning.

Example of paraphrasing (emphasis on the author):

• Campos (2016) considers these three concepts to be competencies necessary for statistics education and adds an additional competency, which he calls critical competency for Critical Statistical Education Development.

Example of paraphrasing (emphasis on text):

• The clear definition of the competencies to be acquired in a doctoral training process is of vital importance, given the demands of the XXI century for universities, where emphasis is no longer placed on undergraduate training, but rather on quality research, which would be the differentiating element of these institutions (Nebot, 2009).

References

As far as possible, references should be no older than 5 years. Citations are identified with the author(s) and the date of publication of the scientific text written. It is necessary to maintain the coherence between the list of references and the quotations or paraphrases presented in the text.

For the references, use the following guide:

- The bibliography should be labeled “References.”

- The list of references should appear in alphabetical order according to the authors' surname.

- Titles should be written with the first letter of each word (except articles, prepositions, and conjugations) in upper case.

- Hanging indent should be used.

- Include only the references present in the text.

- The general elements of a reference are author's last name, first initial, (year of publication), title of the work [in italics], (edition), city: publisher.

For electronic sources:

- If the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is assigned to the document, it must be included.

- If the document does not have a DOI, include the URL of the page consulted for reference.

E.g.: Retrieved from http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founder/

- Use valid links.

- It is not necessary to include the date on which the information was retrieved.

- Do not use a period after the URL.

- Include the DOI URL directly: https://doi.org/10.4995/redu.2018.9372

- To facilitate the layout process, URLs should appear without hyperlinks.

The following are some examples of references to books and articles with one or more authors, among others. 

• Examples of Book References:

With one author:

• Davini, M. (2015). La formación en la práctica docente. Buenos Aires: Paidós

Book chapter:

• Rivero, A., & Porlán, R., (2017). La evaluación en la enseñanza universitaria. In R. Porlán (Coord.), Enseñanza universitaria. Cómo mejorarla (pp. 73-91). Madrid: Morata.

With new edition:

• González, M., & Rodríguez, S. W. (2022). Diseños de investigación en ciencias sociales (2nd ed.). Madrid, Spain: Morata.

Spanish translation of a book:

• Evans, J. (2018). El arte de perder el control: Un viaje filosófico en busca del éxtasis (J. E. González, Trans.). Ariel. (Original work published in 2017)

2. Examples of References to Periodical Works

Article by a single author:

• Flórez, A. (2003). La sociedad del conocimiento. Perspectivas de la Filosofía , 4, 34-40.

Artículo de dos autores:

• Rojas, L., & Meriño P. (2021). Visibilidad del conocimiento científico. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 34 (2), 12-30.

3. Ejemplos de referencias a medios electrónicos

Artículos de revistas en línea:

• Vera-Villarroel, P. (2010). Historia y estado actual de la formación doctoral en Chile. Revista Digital Universitaria, 11 (5). Recuperado de http://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.11/num5/art47/index.htmlh

Artículos de revistas online con DOI:

• Yubero, S., & Larrañaga, E. (2015). Lectura y universidades: hábitos lectores de los estudiantes universitarios de España y Portugal. El profesional de la información, 24 (6), 717-723.https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.nov.03

4. Ejemplos de referencias a tesis doctorales y tesis de maestría

Tesis doctoral inédita:

• Wilfley, DE (1989). Análisis interpersonal de la bulimia: normopeso y obesidad (Tesis doctoral inédita). Universidad de Missouri, Columbia, Estados Unidos.

Tesis de maestría inédita:

• Ravelo-Contreras, E. L. (2013). Descripción de factores sociodemográficos y socioafectivos y su relación con el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de cuatro semestres de psicología de una institución de educación superior (Tesis de maestría no publicada). Universidad Católica de Colombia. Bogotá.

Tablas y Figuras

Mesas

•  Las tablas muestran valores numéricos o información textual. Se distinguen porque tienen filas y columnas.
•  Debe llamarse “Tabla” y no “Cuadro” (no activar cursiva).
•  Deberán estar numerados con números arábigos.
• - Los títulos de las tablas deben presentarse de la siguiente manera:

tabla 1

Alumnos clasificados según su grupo y el cuartil obtenido en el nivel de inglés

• - Se deberá incluir una nota a pie de página titulada Nota (en cursiva) para aclarar los datos del cuadro si fuera necesario.

Cifras:

•  Los gráficos, mapas, fotografías, dibujos, diagramas, ilustraciones o cualquier tipo de representación no textual deben etiquetarse como “Figura”.
• Se debe incluir una nota a pie de página titulada “Nota”, especificando la fuente.
• Deberían estar numerados.